NAME
sa —
print system accounting
statistics
SYNOPSIS
sa |
[-abcdDfijkKlmnqrstu]
[-v
cutoff]
[file ...] |
DESCRIPTION
The
sa utility reports on, cleans up, and generally maintains
system accounting files.
sa is able to condense the information in
/var/account/acct into the summary files
/var/account/savacct and
/var/account/usracct, which contain system statistics
according to command name and login id, respectively. This condensation is
desirable because on a large system,
/var/account/acct can
grow by hundreds of blocks per day. The summary files are normally read before
the accounting file, so that reports include all available information.
If file names are supplied, they are read instead of
/var/account/acct. After each file is read, if the summary
files are being updated, an updated summary will be saved to disk. Only one
report is printed, after the last file is processed.
The labels used in the output indicate the following, except where otherwise
specified by individual options:
-
-
avio
- Average number of I/O operations per execution
-
-
cp
- Sum of user and system time, in minutes
-
-
cpu
- Same as
cp
-
-
k
- CPU-time averaged core usage, in 1k units
-
-
k*sec
- CPU storage integral, in 1k-core seconds
-
-
re
- Real time, in minutes
-
-
s
- System time, in minutes
-
-
tio
- Total number of I/O operations
-
-
u
- User time, in minutes
The options to
sa are:
-
-
- -a
- List all command names, including those containing
unprintable characters and those used only once. By default,
sa places all names containing unprintable characters
and those used only once under the name ``***other''.
-
-
- -b
- If printing command statistics, sort output by the sum of
user and system time divided by number of calls.
-
-
- -c
- In addition to the number of calls and the user, system and
real times for each command, print their percentage of the total over all
commands.
-
-
- -d
- If printing command statistics, sort by the average number
of disk I/O operations. If printing user statistics, print the average
number of disk I/O operations per user.
-
-
- -D
- If printing command statistics, sort and print by the total
number of disk I/O operations.
-
-
- -f
- Force no interactive threshold comparison with the
-v option.
-
-
- -i
- Do not read in the summary files.
-
-
- -j
- Instead of the total minutes per category, give seconds per
call.
-
-
- -k
- If printing command statistics, sort by the CPU-time
average memory usage. If printing user statistics, print the CPU-time
average memory usage.
-
-
- -K
- If printing command statistics, print and sort by the
CPU-storage integral.
-
-
- -l
- Separate system and user time; normally they are
combined.
-
-
- -m
- Print per-user statistics rather than per-command
statistics.
-
-
- -n
- Sort by number of calls.
-
-
- -q
- Create no output other than error messages.
-
-
- -r
- Reverse order of sort.
-
-
- -s
- Truncate the accounting files when done and merge their
data into the summary files.
-
-
- -t
- For each command, report the ratio of real time to the sum
of user and system CPU times. If the CPU time is too small to report,
``*ignore*'' appears in this field.
-
-
- -u
- Superseding all other flags, for each entry in the
accounting file, print the user ID, total seconds of CPU usage, total
memory usage, number of I/O operations performed, and command name.
-
-
- -v
cutoff
- For each command used cutoff times or
fewer, print the command name and await a reply from the terminal. If the
reply begins with ``y'', add the command to the category ``**junk**''.
This flag is used to strip garbage from the report.
By default, per-command statistics will be printed. The number of calls, the
total elapsed time in minutes, total CPU and user time in minutes, average
number of I/O operations, and CPU-time averaged core usage will be printed. If
the
-m option is specified, per-user statistics will be
printed, including the user name, the number of commands invoked, total CPU
time used (in minutes), total number of I/O operations, and CPU storage
integral for each user. If the
-u option is specified, the
uid, user and system time (in seconds), CPU storage integral, I/O usage, and
command name will be printed for each entry in the accounting data file.
If the
-u flag is specified, all flags other than
-q are ignored. If the
-m flag is
specified, only the
-b,
-d,
-i,
-k,
-q, and
-s flags are honored.
FILES
- /var/account/acct
- raw accounting data file
- /var/account/savacct
- per-command accounting summary database
- /var/account/usracct
- per-user accounting summary database
EXIT STATUS
The
sa utility exits 0 on success, and >0 if an
error occurs.
SEE ALSO
lastcomm(1),
acct(5),
ac(8),
accton(8)
HISTORY
sa was written for
NetBSD 1.0 from the
specification provided by various systems' manual pages. Its date of origin is
unknown to the author.
AUTHORS
Chris G. Demetriou
⟨cgd@postgres.berkeley.edu⟩.
CAVEATS
While the behavior of the options in this version of
sa was
modeled after the original version, there are some intentional differences and
undoubtedly some unintentional ones as well. In particular, the
-q option has been added, and the
-m
option now understands more options than it used to.
The formats of the summary files created by this version of
sa
are very different than the those used by the original version. This is not
considered a problem, however, because the accounting record format has
changed as well (since user ids are now 32 bits).
BUGS
The number of options to this program is absurd, especially considering that
there's not much logic behind their lettering.
The field labels should be more consistent.
NetBSD's VM system does not record the CPU storage
integral.