CTIME(3)

NAME
asctime, asctime_r, ctime, ctime_r, ctime_rz, difftime, gmtime, gmtime_r, localtime, localtime_r, localtime_rz, mktime, mktime_z, tzalloc, tzgetname, tzfree, - convert date and time to ASCII

LIBRARY
libc

SYNOPSIS
#include <time.h>
extern char *tzname[2];
char *
asctime(const struct tm *tm);
char *
asctime_r(const struct tm restrict tm, char * restrict buf);
char *
ctime(const time_t *clock);
char *
ctime_r(const time_t *clock, char *buf);
char *
ctime_rz(const timezone_t tz, const time_t *clock, char *buf);
double
difftime(time_t time1, time_t time0);
struct tm *
gmtime(const time_t *clock);
struct tm *
gmtime_r(const time_t * restrict clock, struct tm * restrict result);
struct tm *
localtime(const time_t *clock);
struct tm *
localtime_r(const time_t * restrict clock, struct tm * restrict result);
struct tm *
localtime_rz(const timezone_t tz, const time_t * restrict clock, struct tm * restrict result);
time_t
mktime(struct tm *tm);
time_t
mktime_z(const timezone_t tz, struct tm *tm);
timezone_t
tzalloc(const char *zone);
void
tzfree(const timezone_t tz);
const char *
tzgetname(const timezone_t tz, int isdst);

DESCRIPTION
The asctime family of functions provide various standard library routines to operate with time and conversions related to time.

FUNCTIONS

asctime(tm)
    The asctime() function converts a time value contained in the tm structure to a string with the following general format:

            Thu Nov 24 18:22:48 1986\n\0

    The tm structure is described in tm(3).

asctime_r(tm, buf)
    The asctime_r() has the same behavior as asctime(), but the result is stored to buf, which should have a size of at least 26 bytes.

ctime(clock)
    The ctime() function converts a time_t, pointed to by clock, representing the time in seconds since 00:00:00 UTC, 1970-01-01, and returns a pointer to a string with the format described above. Years requiring fewer than four characters are padded with leading zeroes. For years longer than four characters, the string is of the form

            Thu Nov 24 18:22:48     81986\n\0

    with five spaces before the year. These unusual formats are designed to make it less likely that older software that expects exactly 26 bytes of output will mistakenly output misleading values for out-of-range years.

ctime_r(clock, buf)
    The ctime_r() is similar to ctime(), except it places the result of the conversion on the buf argument, which should be 26 or more bytes long, instead of using a global static buffer.

ctime_rz(tz, clock, buf)
    The ctime_rz() function is similar to ctime_r(), but it also takes a const timezone_t argument, as returned by a previous call to tzalloc(), or a null pointer denoting Coordinated Universal Time (UTC).

difftime(time1, time2)
    The difftime() function returns the difference between two calendar times, (time1 - time0), expressed in seconds.

gmtime(clock)
    The gmtime() function converts to Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) and returns a pointer to the tm structure described in tm(3).

gmtime_r(clock, result)
    The gmtime_r() provides the same functionality as gmtime(), differing in that the caller must supply a buffer area result to which the result is stored.

localtime(clock)
    Also localtime() is comparable to gmtime(). However, localtime() corrects for the time zone and any time zone adjustments (such as Daylight Saving Time in the U.S.A.). After filling in the tm structure, the function sets the tm_isdst'th element of tzname to a pointer to an ASCII string that is the time zone abbreviation to be used with localtime()'s return value.

localtime_r(clock, result)
    As gmtime_r(), the localtime_r() takes an additional buffer result as a parameter and stores the result to it. Note however that localtime_r() does not imply initialization of the local time conversion information; the application may need to do so by calling tzset(3).

localtime_rz(tz, clock, result)
    The localtime_rz() function is similar to localtime_r(), but it also takes a const timezone_t argument, returned by a previous call to tzalloc(), or a null pointer denoting Coordinated Universal Time (UTC).

mktime(tm)
    The mktime() function converts the broken-down time, expressed as local time in the tm(3) structure, into a calendar time value with the same encoding as that of the values returned by the time(3) function. The following remarks should be taken into account.

    •   The original values of the tm_wday and tm_yday components of the structure are ignored, and the original values of the other components are not restricted to their normal ranges. (A positive or zero value for tm_isdst causes mktime() to presume initially that summer time (for example, Daylight Saving Time in the U.S.A.) respectively, is or is not in effect for the specified time.

    •   A negative value for tm_isdst causes the mktime() function to attempt to divine whether summer time is in effect for the specified time; in this case it does not use a consistent rule and may give a different answer when later presented with the same argument.

    •   On successful completion, the values of the tm_wday and tm_yday components of the structure are set appropriately, and the other components are set to represent the specified calendar time, but with their values forced to their normal ranges; the final value of tm_mday is not set until tm_mon and tm_year are determined.

    The function returns the specified calendar time; if the calendar time cannot be represented, it returns (time_t)-1. This can happen either because the resulting conversion would not fit in a time_t variable, or because the time specified happens to be in the daylight savings gap and tm_isdst was set to -1. Other mktime() implementations do not return an error in the second case and return the appropriate time offset after the daylight savings gap. There is code to mimick this behavior, but it is not enabled by default.

mktime_z(tz, tm)
    The mktime_z() function is similar to mktime() but it also takes a const timezone_t argument, returned by a previous call to tzalloc(), or a null pointer denoting Coordinated Universal Time (UTC).

tzalloc(zone)
    The tzalloc() function takes as an argument a timezone name and returns a timezone_t object suitable to be used in the ctime_rz(), localtime_rz(), and mktime_z() functions.

    A null pointer may be passed to tzalloc() instead of a timezone name, to refer to Coordinated Universal Time (UTC).

    Note that instead of setting the environment variable TZ, and globally changing the behavior of the calling program, one can use multiple timezones at the same time by using separate timezone_t objects allocated by tzalloc() and calling the “z” variants of the functions.

tzfree(tz)
    The tzfree() function deallocates tz, which was previously allocated by tzalloc().

tzgetname()
    Finally, tzgetname() returns the name for the given tz. If isdst is 0, the call is equivalent to tzname[0]. If isdst is set to 1 the call is equivalent to tzname[1].

RETURN VALUES

•   On success the asctime() and ctime() functions return a pointer to a static character buffer, and the asctime_r(), ctime_r(), and ctime_rz() function return a pointer to the user-supplied buffer. On failure they all return NULL and no errors are defined for them.

•   On success the gmtime(), and localtime() functions return a pointer to a statically allocated struct tm whereas the gmtime_r(), localtime_r(), and localtime_rz(), functions return a pointer to the user-supplied struct tm. On failure they all return NULL and the global variable errno is set to indicate the error.

•   The mktime() and mktime_z() function returns the specified time since the Epoch as a time_t type value. If the time cannot be represented, then mktime() and mktime_z() return (time_t)-1 setting the global variable errno to indicate the error.

•   The tzalloc() function returns a pointer to a timezone_t object or NULL on failure, setting errno to indicate the error. It may also return NULL when the name argument is NULL, and this is not an error, but a way of referring to Coordinated Universal Time (UTC).

•   tzgetzone() function returns string containing the name of the timezone given in tz.

FILES
/etc/localtime
    local time zone file
/usr/share/zoneinfo
    time zone information directory
/usr/share/zoneinfo/posixrules
    used with POSIX-style TZ's
/usr/share/zoneinfo/GMT
    for UTC leap seconds

If /usr/share/zoneinfo/GMT is absent, UTC leap seconds are loaded from /usr/share/zoneinfo/posixrules.

ERRORS
The described functions may fail with

[EINVAL]
    The result cannot be represented because a parameter is incorrect, or the conversion failed because no such time exists (for example a time in the DST gap).

[EOVERFLOW]
    The result cannot be represented because the time requested is out of bounds and the time calculation resulted in overflow.

All functions that return values, except their “z” variants, can also return the same errors as open(2) and malloc(3).

SEE ALSO
getenv(3), strftime(3), time(3), tm(3), tzset(3), tzfile(5)

STANDARDS
The ctime(), difftime(), asctime(), localtime(), gmtime() and mktime() functions conform to ansiC. Rest of the functions conform to p1003.1-2008.

CAVEATS
The functions that do not take an explicit timezone_t argument return values point to static data; the data is overwritten by each call. For the above functions the tm_zone field of a returned struct tm points to a static array of characters, which will also be overwritten at the next call (and by calls to tzset(3)). The functions that do take an explicit timezone_t argument and set the fields of a supplied struct tm should not call tzfree() since the tm_zone field of the struct tm points to data allocated by tzalloc().

The asctime() and ctime() functions behave strangely for years before 1000 or after 9999. The 1989 and 1999 editions of the C Standard say that years from -99 through 999 are converted without extra spaces, but this conflicts with longstanding tradition and with this implementation. Traditional implementations of these two functions are restricted to years in the range 1900 through 2099. To avoid this portability mess, new programs should use strftime() instead.

Avoid using out-of-range values with mktime() when setting up lunch with promptness sticklers in Riyadh.